Jawaban UAS no 2
One-way ANOVA: Kemurnian (%) versus Sampel
Analysis of Variance for Kemurnia
Source DF SS MS F P
Sampel 4 6.208 1.552 11.09 0.000
Error 15 2.100 0.140
Total 19 8.308
Individual 95% CIs For Mean
Based on Pooled StDev
Level N Mean StDev ---------+---------+---------+-------
a 4 98.800 0.082 (----*-----)
b 4 99.000 0.294 (----*-----)
c 4 98.600 0.245 (-----*----)
d 4 97.800 0.688 (-----*-----)
e 4 99.500 0.271 (----*-----)
---------+---------+---------+-------
Pooled StDev = 0.374 98.00 98.70 99.40
Dunnett's comparisons with a control
Family error rate = 0.0500
Individual error rate = 0.0156
Critical value = 2.73
Control = level (b) of Sampel
Intervals for treatment mean minus control mean
Level Lower Center Upper ----------+---------+---------+-------
a -0.9216 -0.2000 0.5216 (------*------)
c -1.1216 -0.4000 0.3216 (------*------)
d -1.9216 -1.2000 -0.4784 (------*------)
e -0.2216 0.5000 1.2216 (------*------)
----------+---------+---------+-------
-1.0 0.0 1.0
Tukey's pairwise comparisons
Family error rate = 0.0500
Individual error rate = 0.00747
Critical value = 4.37
Intervals for (column level mean) - (row level mean)
Kesimpulan : Nilai P (0,000) < alpha (0,050) maka kelima sampel menghasilkan hasil yang berbeda nyata pada uji kemurnian NaCl
a) Karena Nilai P < alpha maka kelima sampel tersebut menghasilkan hasil yang berbeda nyata pada uji kemurnian NaCl.
b) Tidak signifikan, karena nilai TBN lebih banyak dari BN
Selasa, 08 Desember 2009
Jawaban Soal UAS no. 1
One-way ANOVA: Efek versus Macam Limbah
Analysis of Variance for Efek
Source DF SS MS F P
Macam Li 4 13105 3276 7.91 0.000
Error 45 18636 414
Total 49 31741
Individual 95% CIs For Mean
Based on Pooled StDev
Level N Mean StDev -------+---------+---------+---------
K 10 86.80 11.15 (-----*------)
L 10 75.30 19.87 (------*-----)
M 10 62.70 23.57 (-----*------)
N 10 55.30 24.82 (------*-----)
P 10 39.80 19.50 (------*-----)
-------+---------+---------+---------
Pooled StDev = 20.35 40 60 80
Fisher's pairwise comparisons
Family error rate = 0.276
Individual error rate = 0.0500
Critical value = 2.014
Intervals for (column level mean) - (row level mean)
Kesimpulan nilai P (0.000) < Alpha (0.05) maka kelima macam limbah tersebut menghasilkan hasil yang berbeda nyata <>
Rabu, 04 November 2009
Money Doesn't Grow on Trees
On a Tuesday, we held a side-event on our plan to reduce emissions deforestation and degradation or REDD. The discussion featured speakers from some of the region's most affected by forest destruction—Brazil, Papau New Guinea, and Indonesia—as on the ground, intimate knowledge of local conditions are essential to designing a successful protection program.
Ending deforestation is a crucial component to tackling climate change since some 20 percent of all greenhouse gas emissions globally come from forest destruction and degradation—more than all the world’s planes, trains, ships, and automobiles.
Greenpeace has proposed a plan for REDD that strives to achieve real, verifiable emissions reductions with a system that protects the rights of indigenous peoples and maintains the irreplaceable biodiversity of tropical forests with a fund-based financing program.
Brazil has already approved a funding mechanism, the Amazon Fund, which is much touted at the climate talks. Indonesia’s support today of an Indonesian Fund is an indication that a flexible approach to a REDD fund can be a big win not only for the climate but also for the forests, their biodiversity and the peoples that depend on them.
In Barcelona Greenpeace is working to get a REDD deal with the following components:
-One that doesn’t treat tropical forests only as carbon sinks, but recognizes and preserves their biodiversity and the rights of the indigenous people and other forest dependent communities that dwell there.
-One that does not create a loophole for industrialized countries to avoid emissions reductions or logging companies to shift their practices elsewhere. But instead ensures absolute emissions reductions in tropical forests and preserves incentives for industrialized countries to reduce domestic emissions dramatically.
Prevented deforestation should not be turned into emission allowances for countries. Forest offsets would crash the international carbon market and allow the coal industry to continue building power stations in the future.
Sumber : http://weblog.greenpeace.org/climate/2009/11/money_doesnt_grow_on_trees_1.html
GREENPEACE,THE BIGGEST LOSER
Oil is already a losing horse. It is a non-renewable and dwindling source of energy, and according to a study by Association For the Study of Peak Oil (ASPO-USA) we already reached peak oil - in 2005. Since we have already burned the majority of our oil resources from this point on oil only gets more expensive and difficult to find, process, and use. (Not to mention that continuing to burn whatever is left will spell climate catastrophe.) It is high time to recognize the losing nature of oil and move on - and many of us already have.
But the oil industry is having serious trouble coming to terms with its status as 'loser'. Many other losers can probably sympathize. First there is denial: the oil industry continues to ignore winning energy strategies (renewables!) and instead shows off its own unique brand of innovation by finding many new, ridiculously costly and massively destructive ways to flog its own (losing and) dead horse. A good example of this flogging? Tar sands oil.
Sumber : http://weblog.greenpeace.org/climate/2009/11/tar_sands_oil_biggest_loser.html
Pemilihan Teknologi Pengelolaan Limbah
Pemilihan proses yang tepat didahului dengan mengelompokkan karakteristik kontaminan dalam air limbah dengan menggunakan indikator parameter yang sudah ditampilkan di tabel di atas. Setelah kontaminan dikarakterisasikan, diadakan pertimbangan secara detail mengenai aspek ekonomi, aspek teknis, keamanan, kehandalan, dan kemudahan peoperasian. Pada akhirnya, teknologi yang dipilih haruslah teknologi yang tepat guna sesuai dengan karakteristik limbah yang akan diolah. Setelah pertimbangan-pertimbangan detail, perlu juga dilakukan studi kelayakan atau bahkan percobaan skala laboratorium yang bertujuan untuk:
- Memastikan bahwa teknologi yang dipilih terdiri dari proses-proses yang sesuai dengan karakteristik limbah yang akan diolah.
- Mengembangkan dan mengumpulkan data yang diperlukan untuk menentukan efisiensi pengolahan yang diharapkan.
- Menyediakan informasi teknik dan ekonomi yang diperlukan untuk penerapan skala sebenarnya.
Sumber : http://majarimagazine.com/2008/01/teknologi-pengolahan-air-limbah/
TEKNOLOGI PENGELOLAAN AIR LIMBAH
Tujuan Utama pengolahan air limbah ialah untuk mengurai kandungan bahan pencemar di dalam air terutama senyawa organik, padatan tersuspensi, mikroba patogen, dan senyawa organik yang tidak dapat diuraikan oleh mikroorganisme yang terdapat di alam. Pengolahan air limbah tersebut dapat dibagi menjadi 5 (lima) tahap:
- Pengolahan Awal (Pretreatment)
Tahap pengolahan ini melibatkan proses fisik yang bertujuan untuk menghilangkan padatan tersuspensi dan minyak dalam aliran air limbah. Beberapa proses pengolahan yang berlangsung pada tahap ini ialah screen and grit removal, equalization and storage, serta oil separation. - Pengolahan Tahap Pertama (Primary Treatment)
Pada dasarnya, pengolahan tahap pertama ini masih memiliki tujuan yang sama dengan pengolahan awal. Letak perbedaannya ialah pada proses yang berlangsung. Proses yang terjadi pada pengolahan tahap pertama ialah neutralization, chemical addition and coagulation, flotation, sedimentation, dan filtration. - Pengolahan Tahap Kedua (Secondary Treatment)
Pengolahan tahap kedua dirancang untuk menghilangkan zat-zat terlarut dari air limbah yang tidak dapat dihilangkan dengan proses fisik biasa. Peralatan pengolahan yang umum digunakan pada pengolahan tahap ini ialah activated sludge, anaerobic lagoon, tricking filter, aerated lagoon, stabilization basin, rotating biological contactor, serta anaerobic contactor and filter. - Pengolahan Tahap Ketiga (Tertiary Treatment)
Proses-proses yang terlibat dalam pengolahan air limbah tahap ketiga ialah coagulation and sedimentation, filtration, carbon adsorption, ion exchange, membrane separation, serta thickening gravity or flotation. - Pengolahan Lumpur (Sludge Treatment)
Lumpur yang terbentuk sebagai hasil keempat tahap pengolahan sebelumnya kemudian diolah kembali melalui proses digestion or wet combustion, pressure filtration, vacuum filtration, centrifugation, lagooning or drying bed, incineration, atau landfill.
KLASIFIKASI LIMBAH B3
mudah meledak (explosive);
pengoksidasi (oxidizing);
sangat mudah sekali menyala (extremely flammable);
sangat mudah menyala (highly flammable);
mudah menyala (flammable);
amat sangat beracun (extremely toxic);
sangat beracun (highly toxic);
beracun (moderately toxic);
berbahaya (harmful);
korosif (corrosive);
bersifat iritasi (irritant);
berbahaya bagi lingkungan (dangerous to the environment);
karsinogenik (carcinogenic);
teratogenik (teratogenic);
mutagenik (mutagenic).
Sumber : http://auliachemy.wordpress.com/
